English A cross cultural investigation on Smart Home Technology:: The roles of digital competence, technophobia, technophilia and trust

Neil Daruwala

doi:10.51698/aloma.2024.42.1.9-24

Autors/ores

Neil Daruwala Universitat Ramon Llull

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2024.42.1.9-24

Paraules clau:

Technophobia, technophilia, digital competence, smart home technology.

Resum

Some individuals may feel threatened by the digital age and suffer from technophobia, whereas technophilic individuals embrace new technologies. Relying on a study of 243 participants aged 18-65, this study explored the roles of technophobia, technophilia, trust in technology, and digital competence, and how they interact within the SHT paradigm. Technophobia positively correlated with age and negatively with ownership and most digital skills. Males outscored females in overall competence, especially in creative digital skills and technophilia. Spanish participants scored higher than English participants on operational digital skills, creative digital skills, and technophilia-dependency. A hierarchical regression model with technophobia as the dependent variable showed that operational, navigational, and mobile digital skills contributed negatively to technophobia. Technophilia-enthusiasm negatively predicted technophobia, whereas technophilia-reputation did so positively. Culture and gender were not significant predictors of technophobia in this context. There is a need to provide digital skills for all sections of society to increase self-efficacy and counterbalance any feelings of anxiety and technophobia that may manifest in individuals who feel left behind in the modern digital world. The onus is for SHT manufacturers to design products that require basic digital skills and are custom-made for different populations cohorts within society.

Descàrregues

Les dades de descàrrega encara no estan disponibles.

Referències

Adobe Follow. (2018). 2018 Adobe Consumer Content Survey. Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://www.slideshare.net/adobe/2018-adobe-consumer-content-survey

Aldossari, M. Q., & Sidorova, A. (2018). Consumer acceptance of internet of things (IOT): Smart home context. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 60(6), 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2018.1543000

Anderberg, P., Eivazzadeh, S., & Berglund, J. S. (2019). A novel instrument for measuring older people’s attitudes toward technology (TechPH): Development and validation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(5), e13951. https://doi. org/10.2196/13951

Araj, V. (2022, May 12). How your home can affect your well-being. How Your Home Can Affect Your Well-Being | Rocket Mortgage. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://www.rocketmortgage.com/learn/how-home-impacts-well-being

Archer, D. (2013). Smartphone addiction. Psychology Today.

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Sommers, S. R. (2007). Social psychology. Pearson Education India

Baloğlu, M., & Çevik, V. (2008). Multivariate effects of gender, ownership, and the frequency of use on computer anxiety among high school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 2639–2648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.03.003

Balta-Ozkan, N., Davidson, R., Bicket, M., & Whitmarsh, L. (2013). Social barriers to the adoption of Smart Homes. Energy Policy, 63, 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.043

Benbasat, I., & Barki, H. (2007). Quo vadis TAM? Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8, 212-218

Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss A thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083

Bheemaiah, A. K. (2021). Voice user interface for the neurodiversant. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rnykw

Bouazza, H., Said, B., & Zohra Laallam, F. (2022). A hybrid IOT services recommender system using social IOT. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 34(8), 5633–5645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.02.003

Brauner, P., van Heek, J., & Ziefle, M. (2017). Age, gender, and technology attitude as factors for acceptance of smart interactive textiles in home environments - towards a smart textile technology acceptance model. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006255600130024

Buabbas, A. J., Al-Mass, M. A., Al-Tawari, B. A., & Buabbas, M. A. (2020). The detrimental impacts of smart technology device overuse among school students in Kuwait: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02417-x

Cannizzaro, S., Procter, R., Ma, S., & Maple, C. (2020). Trust in the smart home: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey in the UK. PLOS ONE, 15(5).

Chou, C. (2003). Incidences and correlates of Internet anxiety among high school teachers in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 731–749.

Chung, H., Iorga, M., Voas, J., & Lee, S. (2017). “Alexa, can I trust you?” Computer, 50(9), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2017.3571053

Cimperman, M., Brenčič, M. M., Trkman, P., & Stanonik, M. D. L. (2013). Older adults’ perceptions of home telehealth services. Telemedicine and e-Health, 19(10), 786–790. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0272

Clark, K. (2019, June 11). Here's Mary Meeker's 2019 internet trends report. TechCrunch. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://techcrunch.com/

Delgosha, M. S., & Hajiheydari, N. (2021). How human users engage with consumer robots? A dual model of psychological ownership and trust to explain post-adoption behaviours. Computers in Human Behavior, 117, 106660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106660

de Souza e Silva, A. (2017). pokémon go as an HRG: Mobility, sociability, and surveillance in hybrid spaces. Mobile Media & Communication, 5(1), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916676232

Di Giacomo, D., Ranieri, J., D’Amico, M., Guerra, F., & Passafiume, D. (2019). Psychological barriers to digital living in older adults: Computer anxiety as predictive mechanism for technophobia. Behavioral Sciences, 9(9), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9090096 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(2), 627. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.706

Dijk, J. A. (2017). Digital Divide: Impact of Access. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0043

Dos Santos, T. D., & Santana, V. F. (2018). Computer anxiety and interaction. Proceedings of the 15th International Web for All Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/3192714.3192825

Elena-Bucea, A., Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Coelho, P. S. (2021). Assessing the role of age, education, gender and income on the digital divide: evidence for the European Union. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(4), 1007-1021.

Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2021). Fear of missing out (FOMO): Overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870

Ember, C. R., &Ember, M. (2009). Cross-cultural research methods. AltaMira Press.

Eskhita, R., Manda, V. K., & Hlali, A. (2021). Dubai and Barcelona as Smart Cities: Some reflections on data protection law and privacy. Environmental Policy and Law, 51(6), 403–407. https://doi.org/10.3233/epl-210023

Fannakhosrow, M., Nourabadi, S., Ngoc Huy, D. T., Dinh Trung, N., & Tashtoush, M. A. (2022). A comparative study of information and communication technology (ict)-based and conventional methods of instruction on learners’ academic enthusiasm for L2 learning. Education Research International, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5478088

Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002

Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Third party punishment and social norms. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.495443

Ferreira, L., & Oliveira, L. (2014). The Myth of the Brave New Web Man. 6TH International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 6777–6785.

Folorunsho, A., & Palaiologou, I. (2019). The digital divide : Access, skills, use and ideological barriers. Early Learning in the Digital Age, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526463173.n8

Fortunati, L. (2017). Robotization and the domestic sphere. New Media & Society, 20(8), 2673–2690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817729366

Furszyfer Del Rio, D. D., Sovacool, B. K., & Martiskainen, M. (2021). Controllable, frightening, or fun? exploring the gendered dynamics of Smart Home Technology Preferences in the United Kingdom. Energy Research & Social Science, 77, 102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102105

Gascó-Hernandez, M. (2018). Building a smart city. Communications of the ACM, 61(4), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/3117800

Górriz, C., & Gargallo, A. (2010). Review of Information Society State in Spain. Revista Facultad De Ciencias Económicas, 18(1), 43–60.

Gray, T. J., Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. M. (2016). Gender and the digital divide in Latin America*. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12270

Graziano, W. G., Habashi, M. M., & Woodcock, A. (2011). Exploring and measuring differences in person–thing orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.004

Graziano, W. G., Habashi, M. M., Evangelou, D., & Ngambeki, I. (2012). Orientations and motivations: Are you a “People person,” a “Thing person,” or both? Motivation and Emotion, 36(4), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9273-2

Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of things (IOT): A Vision, architectural elements, and Future Directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010

Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i4.942

Hargittai, E., & Walejko, G. (2008). The Participation Divide: Content Creation and sharing in the digital AGE1. Information, Communication & Society, 11(2), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946150

Hwang, L.-A., Vaithilingam, S., Nair, M., & Ng, J. W. (2021). Nurturing academic enthusiasm and creativity among children from vulnerable communities: The Role of Computers. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(12), 2596–2615. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2021.1938227

Ilesanmi, Oluwatoyin. (2009). What is Cross-cultural Research? International Journal of Psychological Studies,1(2),82. 10.5539/ijps.v1n2p82.

ITU. (2020). Women, ICT and emergency telecommunications - opportunities and constraints. ITU.

Ju, J., Liu, L., & Feng, Y. (2018). Citizen-Centered Big Data Analysis-Driven Governance Intelligence Framework for smart cities. Telecommunications Policy, 42(10), 881–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.01.003

Jung, Y., Peng, W., Moran, M., Jin, S.-A. A., McLaughlin, M., Cody, M., Jordan-Marsh, M., Albright, J., & Silverstein, M. (2010). Low-income minority seniors' enrollment in a Cybercafé: Psychological barriers to crossing the digital divide. Educational Gerontology, 36(3), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270903183313

Kennedy, J., & Holcombe-James, I. (2022). “it’s almost impossible to buy a dumb tv” experiences of automated decision-making and smart technologies in low-income homes. Telematics and Informatics, 68, 101767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101767

Khasawneh, O. Y. (2018). Technophobia: Examining its hidden factors and defining it.

Technology in Society. 54, p. 93-100. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.03.008

Klaib, A. F., Alsrehin, N. O., Melhem, W. Y., & Bashtawi, H. O. (2019). IOT smart home using eye tracking and voice interfaces for elderly and special needs people. Journal of Communications, 614–621. https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.14.7.614-621

Kolotouchkina, O., Barroso, C. L., & Sánchez, J. L. (2022). Smart Cities, the digital divide, and people with disabilities. Cities, 123, 103613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103613

Kumar, A. K., & Sherkhane, M. S. (2018). Assessment of gadgets addiction and its impact on health among undergraduates. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 5(8), 3624. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183109

LG ThinQ. (2021). LG Thinq - Think Wise. be free. LG USA.

Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277

Mak, B., Nickerson, R. C., & Sim, J. (2018). Mobile Technology Dependence and mobile technostress. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 15(04), 1850039. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219877018500396

Martínez-Córcoles, M., Teichmann, M., & Murdvee, M. (2017). Assessing technophobia and technophilia: Development and validation of a questionnaire. Technology in Society, 51, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.09.007

McDonough, C. C. (2016). The effect of ageism on the Digital Divide Among Older Adults. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.24966/ggm-8662/100008

Mcknight, D. H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J. B., & Clay, P. F. (2011). Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures. ACM Transactions on management information systems (TMIS), 2(2), 1-25.

McManus, J. F., & Carvalho, S. W. (2022). Consumers' love for technological gadgets is linked to personal growth. Personality and Individual Differences, 194, 111637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111637

Michler, O., Decker, R., & Stummer, C. (2019). To trust or not to trust Smart Consumer Products: A literature review of trust-building factors. Management Review Quarterly, 70(3), 391–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00171-8

Millet, D. (2020). Which countries are the most connected? and it is not who you might think. DRF Consultants.

Mina, L. W. (2017). Chapter 14. Social Media in the FYC class: The New Digital Divide. Social Writing/Social Media: Publics, Presentations, and Pedagogies, 263–282. https://doi.org/10.37514/per-b.2017.0063.2.14

Moreno Mínguez, A. (2015). La empleabilidad de los jóvenes en España: Explicando El Elevado Desempleo juvenil Durante La Recesión Económica. Revista Internacional De Investigación En Ciencias Sociales, 11(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.18004/riics.2015.julio.3-20

Myhre, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Glisky, E. L. (2017). Cognitive benefits of online social networking for healthy older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(5), 752–760. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw025

Nicolaides, C. (2021). Mission possible - the mission on climate neutral and smart cities a new approach to sustainable urban transformation and urban transition to climate neutrality. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 7(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.21622/resd.2021.07.2.041

Nikou, S. (2019). Factors driving the adoption of Smart Home Technology: An empirical assessment. Telematics and Informatics, 45, 101283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101283

Nimrod, G. (2018). Technophobia among older Internet users. Educational Gerontology, 44(2–3), 148–162. https://doi. org/10.1080/03601277.2018.1428145

Nimrod, G. (2021). Not good days for technophobes: Older internet users during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Gerontology, 47(4), 160–171.

Noori, N., Hoppe, T., & de Jong, M. (2020). Classifying pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, governance and implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Sustainability, 12(10), 4030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030

Osiceanu, M.-E. (2015). Psychological implications of modern technologies: “Technofobia” versus “technophilia.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.229

Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066

Quan-Haase, A., Martin, K., & Schreurs, K. (2016). Interviews with digital seniors: ICT use in the context of everyday life. Information Communication and Society, 19(5), 691–707. https:// doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1140217.

Rodriguez, E. M. (2015, February 10). Spanish society is the most connected to the internet in Europe. Actualidad eCommerce

Rao, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2018). Impact of 5G Technologies on smart city implementation. Wireless Personal Communications, 100(1), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5618-4

Reddick, C. G., Enriquez, R., Harris, R. J., & Sharma, B. (2020). Determinants of Broadband Access and affordability: An analysis of a community survey on the digital divide. Cities, 106, 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904

Rizk, J., & Davies, S. (2021). Can digital technology bridge the classroom engagement gap? findings from a qualitative study of K-8 classrooms in 10 Ontario School Boards. Social Sciences, 10(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010012

Rodden, T. A., Fischer, J. E., Pantidi, N., Bachour, K., & Moran, S. (2013). At home with agents. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466152

Rode, J. A., & Poole, E. S. (2018). Putting the gender back in Digital Housekeeping. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Gender & IT - GenderIT '18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196839.3196845

Sala, E., Gaia, A., & Cerati, G. (2020). The Gray Digital Divide in social networking site use in Europe: Results from a quantitative study. Social Science Computer Review, 40(2), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320909507

Schauffel, N., Schmidt, I., Peiffer, H., & Ellwart, T. (2021). Self-concept related to information and communication technology: Scale Development and validation. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100149

Schomakers, E.-M., Biermann, H., & Ziefle, M. (2021). Users’ preferences for Smart Home Automation – investigating aspects of privacy and Trust. Telematics and Informatics, 64, 101689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101689

Scott, A. (2019). Small-scale enterprises and the environment in developing countries. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment: Business Imperatives, 275–288. https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.978-1-909493-11-7_24

Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042519

Shu, Q., Tu, Q., & Wang, K. (2011). The impact of computer self-efficacy and technology dependence on computer-related technostress: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 27(10), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.555313

Shuhaiber, A., & Mashal, I. (2019). Understanding users’ acceptance of smart homes. Technology in Society, 58, 101110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc. 2019.01.003

Smith, A. (2020, May 30). Older adults and technology use. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech.

Sobieraj, S., & Krämer, N. C. (2020). Similarities and differences between genders in the usage of computer with different levels of technological complexity. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.021

Sovacool, B. K., & Furszyfer Del Rio, D. D. (2020). Smart Home Technologies in Europe: A critical review of concepts, benefits, risks and policies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109663

Strengers, Y. (2021). Smart wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and other smart home devices need a feminist reboot. MIT PRESS.

Strengers, Y., & Nicholls, L. (2017). Aesthetic pleasures and gendered tech-work in the 21st-century smart home. Media International Australia, 166(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x17737661

Strengers, Y., Kennedy, J., Arcari, P., Nicholls, L., & Gregg, M. (2019). Protection, productivity and plea-sure in the smart home. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300875

Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 859–884. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017364

Sun, N., & Botev, J. (2021). Intelligent Autonomous Agents and trust in virtual reality. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100146

Tekinarslan, E. (2008). Computer anxiety: A cross-cultural comparative study of Dutch and Turkish university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1572–1584.

Tolentino, M. (2016, April 27). Southern men are most likely to own Smart Home Tech: Report. SiliconANGLE.

Tramontano, C., Grant, C., & Clarke, C. (2021). Development and validation of the e-work self-efficacy scale to assess digital competencies in remote working. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100129

Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2014). Measuring Digital Skills. From Digital Skills to Tangible Outcomes project report. Oxford Internet Institute Projects.

Van Dijk, J. A. (2005). Inequality in the information society. The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229812.n7

Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000). Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250981

Wallsten, S. (2013). What are we not doing when we're online. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19549

Wang, A. B. (2018, December 20). 'I'm in your baby's room': A hacker took over a baby monitor and broadcast threats, parents say. The Washington Post.

Wang, X., Shi, J., & Lee, K. M. (2022). The digital divide and seeking health information on smartphones in Asia: Survey study of ten countries. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/24086

West, M., Kraut, R., & Ei Chew, H. (2019). I’d blush if I could : closing gender divides in digital skills through education. Ministerio De Educación, 306, 1–146.

White, R. (2018). Changes to the leisure time landscape and its impact on out-of-home entertainment and arts. White Hutchinson Leisure & Learning Group.

Wild, K. V., Mattek, N. C., Maxwell, S. A., Dodge, H. H., Jimison, H. B., & Kaye, J. A. (2012). Computer‐related self‐efficacy and anxiety in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 8(6), 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.12.008

Wilson, C., Hargreaves, T., Hauxwell-Baldwin, R. (2017) Benefits and risks of smart home technologies. Energy Policy 103:72–83

Woodcock, A., Graziano, W. G., Branch, S. E., Ngambeki, I., & Evangelou, D. (2012). Engineering students' beliefs about research: Sex differences, personality, and career plans. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(3), 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00059.x

Woollaston, V. (2014, July 17). The most tech addicted country in Europe? Spain: Spanish use devices almost 9 hours a day outside of work. Daily Mail Online.

Yang, H., Lee, H., & Zo, H. (2017). User acceptance of smart home services: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-01-2016-0017

Zhuravlev, A. L., & Nestik, T. A. (2016). Psychological aspects of negative attitudes toward new technologies. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 37(6), 5-14.